Applied Logic

1.1. Concept of Logic, Proposition and Arguments, Recognizing Arguments, Arguments vs Explanations, Validity and Truth, Deductive and Inductive Arguments 1.2. Paraphrasing Arguments, Diagramming Arguments, Complex Argumentative Passages, Problems in Reasoning

12.1. Theory of Deduction, Classes of Categorical Propositions, Types Categorical Propositions, Quality, Quantity and Distribution, Square of Oppositions, Immediate Inferences, Venn Diagrams of Categorical Propositions. 12.2. Standard form of Categorical Syllogism, Mood and Figure, Testing Validity by Using Venn Diagrams, Syllogistic Rules and Fallacies 12.3. Syllogistic Arguments, Reducing Number of Terms, Translating Categorical Propositions into Standard Form, Enthymemes and Sorites

13.1. Modern Logic and Symbolic Language, Conjunction, Disjunction, negation, Material Implication, Material Equivalence 13.2. Argument Forms and Refutation by Analogy, Testing Validity of Arguments by using Truth Tables, Statement Forms, Logical Equivalences 13.3. Valid Argument Forms, Formal Proof of Validity, Replacement Rules, Proof of Invalidity, Inconsistency

14.1. Need of Quantification, Singular Propositions, Types of Quantifiers, Representing Categorical Propositions in Quantification Theory 14.2. Generalization and Instantiation, Proving Validity, Proving Invalidity\n82

15.1. Concept and Classification of Fallacies, Fallacies of Relevance, Fallacies of Deductive Induction, Fallacies of Presumption, Fallacies of Ambiguity

16.1. Review of Induction and Deduction, Arguments by Analogy, Analogical Arguments, Refutation by Logical Analogy 16.2. Cause and Effect, Casual Laws, Induction by Enumeration, Casual Analysis Methods, Limitations of Inductive Arguments